The Simkin and Siebert list is the most complete list of volcanoes in Indonesia, but the accuracy of the record varies from one region to another in terms of contemporary activities and fatalities in recent eruptions. Particularly for Indonesia, Simkin and Siebert used a catalogue of active volcanoes from the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior publication series. The primary source of the list below is taken from the Volcanoes of the World book, compiled by two volcanologists Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert, in which active volcanoes in the past 10,000 years ( Holocene) are listed. An indication of a volcano is determined by either its historical records, radiocarbon dating, or geothermal activities. The status of a volcano, either active or dormant, cannot be defined precisely. Some volcanic cones are grouped into one volcano name, for instance, the Tengger caldera complex, although individual vents are named by local people. Many contemporary active volcanoes rise as young parasitic cones from flank vents or at a central crater. Interior of ancient volcanoes may have been eroded, creating a new subsurface magma chamber as a separate volcano. It can be defined from individual vents, volcanic edifices or volcanic fields. There is no single standard definition for a volcano. Thus, Mount Merapi may be referred to as Gunung Merapi. The word for Mount in Indonesian and many regional languages of the country is Gunung. It has been conjectured that the earthquake and tsunami event of 26 December 2004 could trigger eruptions, with Mount Sinabung ( dormant since the 1600s) erupting in 2010 as a possible example. The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior has named Mount Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity.Īs of 2012, Indonesia has 127 active volcanoes and about 5 million people active within the danger zones. Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times, of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), while Mount Merapi has erupted more than 80 times. The most active volcano is Mount Merapi on Java. The latter group is in one volcanic arc together with the Philippine volcanoes. The remaining two groups are volcanoes of Halmahera, including its surrounding volcanic islands, and volcanoes of Sulawesi and the Sangihe Islands. The 150 entries in the list below are grouped into six geographical regions, four of which belong to the volcanoes of the Sunda Arc trench system. Volcanoes in Indonesia are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions, for instance, Krakatoa for its global effects in 1883, the Lake Toba Caldera for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 years before present which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter, and Mount Tambora for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815. The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. Seven active volcanoes are visible: 5 in East Java, Agung in Bali and Rinjani in Lombok.
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